Piping carries waste to a septic tank.
The installation, care and maintenance of on-site waste disposal systems, or septic tanks, is overseen by the Ohio Department of Health and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Although rules vary depending on local jurisdiction, Chapter 3701-29 of the Ohio Administrative Code and Ohio Revised Code 3718 contain statutes governing the disposal of waste in the state of Ohio.
Purpose
The purpose of a septic system is to treat wastewater before it is released into the groundwater system. Karen Mancl, professor of food, agricultural and biological engineering at Ohio State University, in her article entitled "Septic Tank-Soil Treatment Systems for Ohio Rural Homes," says that "Natural processes that occur in unsaturated soil remove pathogens and recycle nutrients and organic matter that can degrade surface and groundwater quality."
Function
A septic system works by retaining solid materials through the use of filters and tanks or compartments. The solid materials are broken down by bacteria, and the wastewater is released into the soil where it is "treated" by the natural processes indicated above. The water flows beneath the soil, which must be "deep, permeable and unsaturated," according to Mancl, as it is distributed through trenches. In the state of Ohio, the depth of the soil should be a minimum of four feet in order to ensure complete treatment. It is permitted by Ohio law, however, to have systems created on more shallow soils, although it cannot be guaranteed that all pathogens and nutrients will be removed from the wastewater.
Installation
Site and soil evaluations are necessary.
A permit to install a septic system is issued by the Ohio Board of Health, along with an operation permit which will remain in effect until completion, or for one year from the date of issuance, whichever comes first. Site and soil evaluations are necessary prior to installation, because it is the soil which will be treating the sewage.
Care
Tangled roots can clog a septic system.
During the first year, while soils are settling, it is best to avoid excessive use of water because overflow or wet areas might occur in the area of installation. Don't build anything over it, and plant only grass, as roots from some plants can get tangled and clog the system. Do not drive over the area where the septic field has been installed. Substances which should not be flushed into the system are solvents, oils, paints, thinners, disinfectants, medicines, pesticides or poisons. The Ohio Onsite Wastewater Association has a comprehensive list on its website of materials which should not be flushed into the septic system (see References for a link).
Maintenance
In order to conserve water, repair any leaky faucets and handle any problems with toilets which may involve water leakage. Every three to five years it's a good idea to have the septic system inspected by a certified sewage-hauling company. If necessary have the system pumped. Keep it locked for security purposes, and always call a professional with any problems.
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