Furniture from the 19th century illustrates the skill of the makers.
The 19th century saw a revival of many styles from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Walnut was a popular choice of material for 19th century furniture, while rosewood was reserved for more costly pieces. Information on the popular styles and woods is abundant. However, "Finishing is the least studied and most inaccessible aspect of our antique furniture heritage," according to Earl Lamott of Professional Restorers International. Does this Spark an idea?
Lacquer
Lacquer is derived from resin from the "varnish tree"--a species of the toxicodendron genus found in Japan, Korea, China and East Asia. It creates a tough, water resistant finish. Lacquer was used as an alternative to shellac because of the instability of shellac prices. Lacquer was also easier to use. Lacquer would be applied with a brush, though today it would be sprayed on to create a more even finish. Many layers would be applied for a high-gloss look. Be aware when applying lacquer that it is a solvent. That means you must ensure the area is well ventilated.
Varnish
Today's formula for making varnish comes from the 19th century. Jean Felix Watin wrote a detailed account on producing resin, first published in 1773 and republished in 1906. Formulas were given in ounces, indicating batches made were small. In Watin's formula for spirit varnish, resin was dissolved in alcohol by heating it over a water-bath. For oil varnishes, the resin would be heated in an earthenware bowl over a fire. When the resin went runny, the oil would be added. Today, varnish can be purchased ready-made. It may be painted on to the furniture in three to five coats.
Shellac
Shellac is often confused with lacquer because it is derived from the Lac bug. It was imported from India to Great Britain, and from there sent to the colonies. Because of this importation, it was subject to huge taxes. However, from the 1800s when it replaced oil and wax finishes it was the most commonly used wood finish until the mid-19th century, when it was replaced by nitrocellulose lacquer. Today, shellac is sold in dry flakes. These flakes are dissolved in alcohol, creating liquid shellac, which is not only a wood finish but also a food glaze.
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